Soy isoflavone may damage fertility, finds new research
increasing sales in the health food market, could damage human
sperm, a UK researcher will reveal today, writes Dominique
Patton.
Genistein, and other isoflavones in soy, are marketed as dietary oestrogens to women as a natural alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). They are also being investigated for their potential to slow prostate and breast cancer.
But Lynn Fraser, professor of reproductive biology at King's College London, will present evidence today that even tiny doses of the natural compound can cause human sperm to 'burn out' and lose fertility.
Speaking ahead of the annual European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology conference, Fraser said: "Human sperm proved to be even more responsive than mouse sperm to genistein."
"These compounds are classified as environmental oestrogens, but they are very weak, so normally you would expect them to have to be in concentrations around 1,000 times stronger to get a response similar to that prompted by the naturally occurring oestrogen, oestradiol. Yet human sperm are responding to very low concentrations - well within the amounts that have been measured in people's blood."
Moreover, when the compound is combined with other environmental oestrogens, such as 8-prenylnaringenin (found in hops), and nonylphenol that is found in industrial products like paints, pesticides and cleaning products, the damage to fertility could be even more serious.
"Humans are likely to be exposed to more than one such compound at any given time and ... our results show that human sperm are even more sensitive to these compounds than mouse sperm."
Fraser's team investigated the effect these chemicals had on capacitation, the stage when a sperm acquires the ability to fertilise an egg. They found that combinations of small quantities of these three chemicals stimulated sperm far more than when used individually.
In particular, the chemicals stimulated the sperm to undergo an acrosome reaction - when the cap on the head of the sperm ruptures and releases enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the coverings of the egg. If the acrosome reaction happens before a sperm reaches the egg, then fertilisation is unable to take place because the sperm has lost special 'docking' molecules that allow it to bind to the egg.
The study follows new research reported on Monday suggesting that infertility is set to double in Europe over the next decade. One in seven couples now has trouble conceiving naturally, but this could rise to one in three, said Professor Bill Ledger from Sheffield University. An increase in obesity and sexually transmitted disease is expected to reduce fertility.
"Very little is currently known about the control of sperm function, especially in the body rather than in the laboratory, but the sensitivity of human sperm to these chemicals means that further investigations should be carried out to determine whether such environmental compounds might contribute to a decrease in human fertility," said Fraser.
"Other scientists have investigated the negative impact of environmental chemicals on testis function, resulting in reduced numbers of sperm being produced, but these effects require much larger doses than we have used."
"As far as I am aware, we are the only group looking at subtle effects that could have a serious impact on fertility without reducing the number of sperm being produced," she added.
Fraser's team has not worked out the mechanism of action of the environmental oestrogens but they discovered that both genistein and nonylphenol significantly stimulated the production of cyclic AMP - a chemical messenger, produced within the cell after external compounds have acted on the cell, that prompts an appropriate response.
In the case of sperm, increased cAMP production appeared to stimulate premature sperm capacitation.
"The sperm were still alive and their ability to move was unaffected, but the spontaneous acrosome reaction meant that they were unable to fertilise an egg," said Professor Fraser.
She said that the chemicals were more likely to affect sperm when they reached the female tract where they would be preparing to fertilise eggs. Maternal exposure to the compounds is therefore probably more important than paternal exposure.
Animal studies on genistein have previously raised other concerns. Last year a study on newborn piglets, using amounts similar to those found in infant formula, found that it inhibited intestinal cell growth.
And in 2003, research on rats showed that males whose mothers were fed genistein did not achieve full sexual development as adults.
However Asian populations have long consumed soya-rich diets without signs of reduced fertility or other health problems being traced back to the plant.
